{"id":138315,"date":"2026-06-10T09:27:50","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T07:27:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cicala.it\/?p=138315"},"modified":"2026-07-04T12:35:09","modified_gmt":"2026-07-04T10:35:09","slug":"coral-red-gold-mediterranean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cicala.it\/en\/coral-red-gold-mediterranean\/","title":{"rendered":"Coral: The Red Gold of the Mediterranean"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n\n<p><strong>Coral<\/strong> is one of the oldest gems in the world: always defined as <em>red gold<\/em> for its preciousness, it has accompanied humanity for millennia as an ornament and symbol. The first findings for ornamental and religious use date back over 30,000 years, in Neolithic tombs, and over the centuries, coral has been celebrated as <em>the best fruit of the sea<\/em>, a guardian of life and protective virtues. Genoa and its great families were absolute protagonists, dedicating entire districts and special laws to it.<\/p>\n\n<h2>What is coral<\/h2>\n<p>For centuries, its origin was an enigma. Its tree-like shape led the ancients to believe it was a marine plant; however, the fact that it hardened like stone once extracted from water suggested a mineral nature. Legends confirmed the mineral version: it is said that Perseus, after killing the Gorgon, laid the severed head on shrubs, and Medusa's blood petrified the branches, turning them into coral. Even Ovid, in the fourth book of the <em>Metamorphoses<\/em>, seems to relate it to the mineral world.<\/p>\n<p>The scientific truth arrived only in 1723, thanks to the Marseilles doctor <strong>Andrea Peyssonel<\/strong>: coral is an <strong>animal<\/strong>, or rather a colony of tiny marine organisms, small Cnidarians similar to polyps, which with their <strong>calcium carbonate<\/strong> secretions form a solid structure on which and within which they live and reproduce. These organisms have thrived in marine environments for millions of years, in temperate waters between 30 and 300 meters deep, in areas not directly exposed to light, anchored to seabeds and rocks. What becomes jewelry is thus only the <strong>skeleton<\/strong>: the shared structure, created and extended over time by the work of countless polyps.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Varieties and colors of coral<\/h2>\n<p>Coral varieties are numerous and spread across every continent, ocean, and sea. The water temperature, purity level, and presence of plankton and microorganisms influence their presence and proliferation. Among the most known and sought after in jewelry:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Corallium Rubrum<\/strong> (Sardinia coral) - uniform red, lives in the Mediterranean Sea and along the western coasts of Africa between 30 and 250 meters.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Corallium Japonicum<\/strong> (Moro coral, Aka) - dark and very dark red, with a white longitudinal core; lives near the islands of Japan-Formosa at 80-300 meters.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Corallium Elatius<\/strong> (Cerasuolo coral, Momo) - from bright red to salmon, orange, and flesh-colored, with a white core; lives between 150 and 300 meters in Japan and reaches very large sizes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Corallium Konojoi<\/strong> (White coral, Shiro) - milky white or white speckled with red or pink; found near the islands of Japan and Hainan Island in China.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Corallium Secundum<\/strong> (Angel Skin coral, Boke) - flesh pink in various shades and intensities; lives near the islands of Japan, Hainan, Formosa, and near Hong Kong.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rosato Coral<\/strong> (Midway) - white or pink speckled or veined with red; fished near Midway Island at 400-600 meters.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Garnet Coral<\/strong> - garnet color with pink hues; also fished near Midway Island, at 700-900 meters.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deep Sea Coral<\/strong> - from bright red to light pink to white, always veined or spotted with garnet; lives northwest of Midway, towards the Emperor Seamount, beyond 1,500 meters deep.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Coral in the Mediterranean and in Genoa<\/h2>\n<p>Coral fishing in Liguria has ancient origins. A first historical testimony dates back to <strong>Pliny the Elder<\/strong> (1st century AD), who describes both the fishing techniques - with iron devices or wrapping the bushes in the nets of boats - and the areas where it was practiced, including the western coasts of Italy and the Gulf of the Ligurians. Until 1300, certain news mainly concerned the Ligurian Sea, prolific in coral, around the villages of Laigueglia, Alassio, Diano Marina, Cervo, and Portofino.<\/p>\n<p>Genoese influence soon extended to Corsica and Sardinia. The true history of Genoa in coral is linked to great houses: the <strong>Doria<\/strong>, who opened the way to settlements in Sardinia by settling in Alghero until 1353, and especially the <strong>Lomellini<\/strong>, at the center of one of the greatest business circles of the time. Having received Corsica as a fief in the early 1400s, the Lomellini established commercial and financial companies specializing exclusively in coral. In 1547, they obtained the fishing concession on the <strong>Tabarca<\/strong> banks, of which they were the sole feudal lords until 1718, bearing the title of \"Lomellini of Tabarca.\"<\/p>\n<p>Entire communities left Genoa: in 1540, over three hundred Pegli families left Pegli following Agostino Francesco Nicolo' Lomellini to settle in Tabarca, where Genoa built houses, walls, a fortress, defense towers, warehouses, and churches. When coral began to dwindle, part of the Pegliesi founded the town of <strong>Carloforte<\/strong> in Sardinia, from which Calasetta and, in Spain, Nueva Tabarca later originated. Even today, in the heart of Pegli, in Piazza Tabarca, a plaque commemorates this history. The wealth of coral also left marks in the city: the Basilica of Santissima Annunziata del Vastato, in the Pre' district, was rebuilt with a share of the Lomellini's trade proceeds.<\/p>\n\n<h2>The craftsmanship: the art of coral workers<\/h2>\n<p>In the early 1500s, Genoa shone in the production and trade of coral alongside Venice, Pisa, Livorno, and Sicily. Its production was of the highest quality, and the craftsmanship was widespread throughout the city, with over 150 specialists; hundreds were employed in cutting, turning, polishing, and drilling the grains, especially in the hinterland of Val Bisagno and Val Polcevera. The trade of the Superba was mainly directed towards Armenia, India, and Spain.<\/p>\n<p>The art of coral workers was well organized, divided between <em>mercatores<\/em> (merchants) and <em>artifices<\/em> (workers). As early as 1477, the category had requested its own <em>universitas<\/em> from the city government: the regulations, called <em>capituli<\/em>, were approved in 1492 and governed rights, duties, and mutual assistance among the workers. In the sixteenth century, the master engraver <strong>Filippo Santacroce<\/strong> arrived in Genoa, significantly elevating the artistic level of engraving, making the city one of the strongholds of coral sculpture. In the following centuries, the primacy gradually passed to Southern Italy and particularly to <strong>Torre del Greco<\/strong>, but Genoa maintained a leading role thanks to companies like <strong>Raffaele Costa &amp; C.<\/strong>, founded in 1838, which employed thousands of workers, both internal and external, dealing with raw, semi-finished, and finished coral.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Symbolism of coral<\/h2>\n<p>Defined as <em>red gold<\/em> for its preciousness, coral has always played a central role among ornaments due to the meaning attributed to it: bearer of life, mystical powers, and protective virtues. Its charm, beyond its beauty, arises from its long-mysterious origins, suspended between the plant and mineral worlds, and its red color, considered over the centuries synonymous with life itself. Among legends, art, and economy, coral has traversed all eras as one of the most meaningful gems.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions about Coral<\/h2>\n<dl><dt><strong>Is coral a mineral, a plant, or an animal?<\/strong><\/dt><dd>It is an animal, or rather a colony of small marine organisms that secrete calcium carbonate. Its true nature was clarified only in 1723 by the doctor Andrea Peyssonel; what is used in jewelry is the calcareous skeleton of the colony.<\/dd><dt><strong>What is Mediterranean coral?<\/strong><\/dt><dd>It is Corallium Rubrum, also known as Sardinia coral: with a uniform red, it lives in the Mediterranean Sea and along the western coasts of Africa between 30 and 250 meters deep. It is the variety historically linked to the Ligurian and Genoese tradition.<\/dd><dt><strong>How do you care for coral jewelry?<\/strong><\/dt><dd>Being an organic and calcareous substance, coral should be protected from shocks, heat, and chemicals: perfumes, hairsprays, and harsh detergents can dull it. It is cleaned with a slightly damp soft cloth and stored separately from other jewelry to avoid scratches. For the maintenance of settings and strings, it is advisable to periodically rely on a trusted jeweler.<\/dd><\/dl>\n\n<p>To delve deeper into the profound connection between our city and this gem, also read our dedicated story: The Coral of the Superba.<\/p><h2>Continue exploring<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Gem Encyclopedia: all precious stones<\/li>\n<li>Pearl: the sacred gem of the sea<\/li>\n<li>The meaning of colors in gems<\/li>\n<li>Gems and astrology: birthstones month by month<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/article>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Coral is one of the oldest gems in the world: always defined as red gold for its preciousness, it has accompanied humanity for millennia as an ornament and symbol. The first findings for ornamental and religious use date back over 30,000 years, in Neolithic tombs, and over the centuries, coral has been celebrated as the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":144808,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5692],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-138315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gem-encyclopedia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.3 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Coral: The Red Gold of the Mediterranean - Cicala Jewellers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cicala.it\/en\/coral-red-gold-mediterranean\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coral: The Red Gold of the Mediterranean\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Coral is one of the oldest gems in the world: always defined as red gold for its preciousness, it has accompanied humanity for millennia as an ornament and symbol. 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